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14週間（XNUMX日）。

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Batteries are a kind of energy conversion and storage devices that convert chemical or physical energy into electrical energy through reactions. According to the different energy conversion of the battery, the battery can be divided into a chemical battery and a biological battery. A chemical battery or chemical power source is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It comprises two electrochemically active electrodes with different components, respectively, composed of positive and negative electrodes. A chemical substance that can provide media conduction is used as an electrolyte. When connected to an external carrier, it delivers electrical energy by converting its internal chemical energy. A physical battery is a device that converts physical energy into electrical energy.

主な違いは、活物質が異なることです。 二次電池の活物質は可逆的ですが、一次電池の活物質は可逆的ではありません。 一次電池の自己放電は、二次電池の自己放電よりもはるかに小さいです。 それでも、内部抵抗は二次電池よりもはるかに大きいため、負荷容量は低くなります。 さらに、一次電池の質量比容量と体積比容量は、利用可能な充電式電池よりも重要です。

Ni-MH batteries use Ni oxide as the positive electrode, hydrogen storage metal as the negative electrode, and lye (mainly KOH) as the electrolyte. When the nickel-hydrogen battery is charged: Positive electrode reaction: Ni(OH)2 + OH- → NiOOH + H2O–e- Adverse electrode reaction: M+H2O +e-→ MH+ OH- When the Ni-MH battery is discharged: Positive electrode reaction: NiOOH + H2O + e- → Ni(OH)2 + OH- Negative electrode reaction: MH+ OH- →M+H2O +e-

The main component of the positive electrode of the lithium-ion battery is LiCoO2, and the negative electrode is mainly C. When charging, Positive electrode reaction: LiCoO2 → Li1-xCoO2 + xLi+ + xe- Negative reaction: C + xLi+ + xe- → CLix Total battery reaction: LiCoO2 + C → Li1-xCoO2 + CLix The reverse reaction of the above reaction occurs during discharge.

Commonly used IEC standards for batteries: The standard for nickel-metal hydride batteries is IEC61951-2: 2003; the lithium-ion battery industry generally follows UL or national standards. Commonly used national standards for batteries: The standards for nickel-metal hydride batteries are GB/T15100_1994, GB/T18288_2000; the standards for lithium batteries are GB/T10077_1998, YD/T998_1999, and GB/T18287_2000. In addition, the commonly used standards for batteries also include the Japanese Industrial Standard JIS C on batteries. IEC, the International Electrical Commission (International Electrical Commission), is a worldwide standardization organization composed of electrical committees of various countries. Its purpose is to promote the standardization of the world's electrical and electronic fields. IEC standards are standards formulated by the International Electrotechnical Commission.

ニッケル水素電池の主成分は、正極板（酸化ニッケル）、負極板（水素吸蔵合金）、電解液（主にKOH）、ダイヤフラム紙、シールリング、正極キャップ、電池ケースなどです。

リチウムイオン電池の主成分は、上下の電池カバー、正極シート（活物質はコバルト酸リチウム）、セパレーター（特殊複合膜）、負極（活物質は炭素）、有機電解質、電池ケースです。 （スチールシェルとアルミシェルのXNUMX種類に分けられます）など。

これは、バッテリーが動作しているときにバッテリーを流れる電流が受ける抵抗を指します。 これは、オーム内部抵抗と分極内部抵抗で構成されています。 バッテリーの内部抵抗が大きいと、バッテリーの放電動作電圧が低下し、放電時間が短縮されます。 内部抵抗は、主に電池の材質、製造工程、電池の構造などの影響を受けます。 バッテリーの性能を測定することは重要なパラメーターです。 注：一般的に、充電状態での内部抵抗が標準です。 バッテリーの内部抵抗を計算するには、オーム範囲のマルチメーターではなく、特別な内部抵抗メーターを使用する必要があります。

バッテリーの公称電圧は、通常の動作中に示される電圧を指します。 二次ニッケルカドミウムニッケル水素電池の公称電圧は1.2Vです。 二次リチウム電池の公称電圧は3.6Vです。

開回路電圧とは、バッテリーが機能していないとき、つまり回路に電流が流れていないときの、バッテリーの正極と負極の間の電位差を指します。 動作電圧は、端子電圧とも呼ばれ、バッテリが動作しているとき、つまり回路に過電流があるときのバッテリの正極と負極の間の電位差を指します。

バッテリーの容量は、定格電力と実際の容量に分けられます。 バッテリーの定格容量は、ストームの設計および製造中に、バッテリーが特定の放電条件下で最小量の電力を放電する必要があるという規定または保証を指します。 IEC規格では、ニッケルカドミウム電池とニッケル水素電池は0.1°Cで16時間充電され、0.2°C±1.0°Cの温度で20°Cから5Vで放電されると規定されています。 バッテリーの定格容量はC5で表されます。 リチウムイオン電池は、平均温度で3時間充電し、定電流（1C）-定電圧（4.2V）で過酷な条件を制御し、定格容量で0.2C〜2.75Vで放電するように規定されています。 バッテリーの実際の容量は、特定の放電条件下で嵐によって放出される実際の電力を指し、主に放電率と温度に影響されます（厳密に言えば、バッテリー容量は充電と放電の条件を指定する必要があります）。 バッテリー容量の単位はAh、mAh（1Ah = 1000mAh）です。

充電式電池を大電流（1C以上など）で放電すると、過電流電流の内部拡散率に「ボトルネック効果」が存在するため、容量が十分に放電されていない状態で電池が端子電圧に達します。 、その後、0.2Cなどの小電流を使用して、1.0V /個（ニッケルカドミウムおよびニッケル水素電池）および3.0V /個（リチウム電池）まで、解放された容量を残留容量と呼びます。

Ni-MH充電式電池の放電プラットフォームとは、通常、特定の放電システムで放電したときに電池の動作電圧が比較的安定している電圧範囲を指します。 その値は放電電流に関連しています。 電流が大きいほど、重量は軽くなります。 リチウムイオン電池の放電台は、一般的に電圧が4.2Vで充電が停止し、定電圧で0.01C未満になった後、10分間放置し、任意の放電速度で3.6Vまで放電します。現在。 電池の品質を測定するために必要な基準です。

IEC規格によると、ニッケル水素電池のマークは5つの部分で構成されています。 01) Battery type: HF and HR indicate nickel-metal hydride batteries 02) Battery size information: including the diameter and height of the round battery, the height, width, and thickness of the square battery, and the values ​​are separated by a slash, unit: mm 03) Discharge characteristic symbol: L means that the suitable discharge current rate is within 0.5C M indicates that the suitable discharge current rate is within 0.5-3.5C H indicates that the suitable discharge current rate is within 3.5-7.0C X indicates that the battery can work at a high rate discharge current of 7C-15C. 04) High-temperature battery symbol: represented by T 05) Battery connection piece: CF represents no connection piece, HH represents the connection piece for battery pull-type series connection, and HB represents the connection piece for side-by-side series connection of battery belts. たとえば、HF18 / 07/49は、幅18mm、7mm、高さ49mmの正方形のニッケル水素電池を表しています。 KRMT33 / 62HHは、ニッケルカドミウム電池を表します。 放電率は0.5C-3.5、高温シリーズシングルバッテリー（接続部品なし）、直径33mm、高さ62mmです。 According to the IEC61960 standard, the identification of the secondary lithium battery is as follows: 01) The battery logo composition: 3 letters, followed by five numbers (cylindrical) or 6 (square) numbers. 02) 最初の文字: バッテリーの有害な電極材料を示します。 I - 内蔵バッテリーを備えたリチウムイオンを表します。 L - リチウム金属電極またはリチウム合金電極を表します。 03) XNUMX 番目の文字: 電池の正極材料を示します。 C - コバルトベースの電極。 N - ニッケルベースの電極。 M - マンガンベースの電極。 V - バナジウムベースの電極。 04) XNUMX 番目の文字: 電池の形状を示します。 R-円筒形電池を表します。 L-は角形電池を表します。 05) 数字: 円筒形バッテリー: 5 つの数字はそれぞれ嵐の直径と高さを示します。 直径の単位はミリメートル、大きさは10分の1ミリメートルです。 直径または高さが 100mm 以上の場合は、XNUMX つのサイズの間に対角線を追加する必要があります。 角型バッテリー: 6 つの数字は、嵐の厚さ、幅、高さをミリメートル単位で示します。 100 つの寸法のいずれかが 1mm 以上の場合は、寸法の間にスラッシュを追加する必要があります。 XNUMX つの寸法のいずれかが XNUMX mm 未満の場合、この寸法の前に文字「t」が追加され、この寸法の単位は XNUMX 分の XNUMX ミリメートルになります。 たとえば、ICR18650は円筒形の二次リチウムイオン電池を表しています。 陰極の材質はコバルトで、直径は約18mm、高さは約65mmです。 ICR20 / 1050。 ICP083448は、正方形の二次リチウムイオン電池を表します。 陰極材料はコバルトで、厚さは約8mm、幅は約34mm、高さは約48mmです。 ICP08 / 34/150は、正方形の二次リチウムイオン電池を表します。 陰極材料はコバルトで、厚さは約8mm、幅は約34mm、高さは約150mmです。

01) Non-dry meson (paper) such as fiber paper, double-sided tape 02) PVC film, trademark tube 03) Connecting sheet: stainless steel sheet, pure nickel sheet, nickel-plated steel sheet 04) Lead-out piece: stainless steel piece (easy to solder) Pure nickel sheet (spot-welded firmly) 05) Plugs 06) Protection components such as temperature control switches, overcurrent protectors, current limiting resistors 07) Carton, paper box 08) Plastic shell

01) Beautiful, brand 02) The battery voltage is limited. To obtain a higher voltage, it must connect multiple batteries in series. 03) Protect the battery, prevent short circuits, and prolong battery life 04) Size limitation 05) Easy to transport 06) Design of special functions, such as waterproof, unique appearance design, etc.

主に電圧、内部抵抗、容量、エネルギー密度、内圧、自己放電率、サイクル寿命、シール性能、安全性能、保管性能、外観などが含まれます。過充電、過放電、耐食性もあります。

01) Cycle life 02) Different rate discharge characteristics 03) Discharge characteristics at different temperatures 04) Charging characteristics 05) Self-discharge characteristics 06) Storage characteristics 07) Over-discharge characteristics 08) Internal resistance characteristics at different temperatures 09) Temperature cycle test 10) Drop test 11) Vibration test 12) Capacity test 13) Internal resistance test 14) GMS test 15) High and low-temperature impact test 16) Mechanical shock test 17) High temperature and high humidity test

01) Short circuit test 02) Overcharge and over-discharge test 03) Withstand voltage test 04) Impact test 05) Vibration test 06) Heating test 07) Fire test 09) Variable temperature cycle test 10) Trickle charge test 11) Free drop test 12) low air pressure test 13) Forced discharge test 15) Electric heating plate test 17) Thermal shock test 19) Acupuncture test 20) Squeeze test 21) Heavy object impact test

Charging method of Ni-MH battery: 01) Constant current charging: the charging current is a specific value in the whole charging process; this method is the most common; 02) Constant voltage charging: During the charging process, both ends of the charging power supply maintain a constant value, and the current in the circuit gradually decreases as the battery voltage increases; 03) Constant current and constant voltage charging: The battery is first charged with constant current (CC). When the battery voltage rises to a specific value, the voltage remains unchanged (CV), and the wind in the circuit drops to a small amount, eventually tending to zero. Lithium battery charging method: Constant current and constant voltage charging: The battery is first charged with constant current (CC). When the battery voltage rises to a specific value, the voltage remains unchanged (CV), and the wind in the circuit drops to a small amount, eventually tending to zero.

IEC国際規格では、ニッケル水素電池の標準的な充電と放電は次のように規定されています。最初に電池を0.2C〜1.0V /個で放電し、次に0.1Cで16時間充電し、1時間放置してから置きます。 0.2C〜1.0V /個で、つまりバッテリー標準を充電および放電します。

パルス充電は通常、充電と放電を使用し、5秒間設定してから、1秒間解放します。 それは、放電パルスの下で、充電プロセス中に生成された酸素の大部分を電解質に還元します。 内部電解液の気化量を制限するだけでなく、高度に分極された古いバッテリーは、この充電方法を使用して5〜10回の充電と放電を行うと、徐々に回復するか、元の容量に近づきます。

トリクル充電は、完全に充電された後のバッテリーの自己放電によって引き起こされる容量損失を補うために使用されます。 一般的に、パルス電流充電は上記の目的を達成するために使用されます。

充電効率とは、充電プロセス中にバッテリーが消費する電気エネルギーが、バッテリーが蓄えることができる化学エネルギーに変換される程度の尺度を指します。 これは主に、バッテリー技術と嵐の作業環境温度の影響を受けます。一般に、周囲温度が高いほど、充電効率は低くなります。

放電効率とは、特定の放電条件下で定格容量まで端子電圧に放電される実際の電力を指します。 主に吐出量、周囲温度、内部抵抗などの影響を受けます。 一般的に、排出率が高いほど、排出率​​は高くなります。 放電効率が低くなります。 温度が低いほど、放電効率は低くなります。

The output power of a battery refers to the ability to output energy per unit time. It is calculated based on the discharge current I and the discharge voltage, P=U*I, the unit is watts. The lower the internal resistance of the battery, the higher the output power. The internal resistance of the battery should be less than the internal resistance of the electrical appliance. Otherwise, the battery itself consumes more power than the electrical appliance, which is uneconomical and may damage the battery.

Self-discharge is also called charge retention capability, which refers to the retention capability of the battery's stored power under certain environmental conditions in an open circuit state. Generally speaking, self-discharge is mainly affected by manufacturing processes, materials, and storage conditions. Self-discharge is one of the main parameters to measure battery performance. Generally speaking, the lower the storage temperature of the battery, the lower the self-discharge rate, but it should also note that the temperature is too low or too high, which may damage the battery and become unusable. After the battery is fully charged and left open for some time, a certain degree of self-discharge is average. The IEC standard stipulates that after fully charged, Ni-MH batteries should be left open for 28 days at a temperature of 20℃±5℃ and humidity of (65±20)%, and the 0.2C discharge capacity will reach 60% of the initial total.

The self-discharge test of lithium battery is: Generally, 24-hour self-discharge is used to test its charge retention capacity quickly. The battery is discharged at 0.2C to 3.0V, constant current. Constant voltage is charged to 4.2V, cut-off current: 10mA, after 15 minutes of storage, discharge at 1C to 3.0 V test its discharge capacity C1, then set the battery with constant current and constant voltage 1C to 4.2V, cut-off current: 10mA, and measure 1C capacity C2 after being left for 24 hours. C2/C1*100% should be more significant than 99%.

The internal resistance in the charged state refers to the internal resistance when the battery is 100% fully charged; the internal resistance in the discharged state refers to the internal resistance after the battery is fully discharged. Generally speaking, the internal resistance in the discharged state is not stable and is too large. The internal resistance in the charged state is more minor, and the resistance value is relatively stable. During the battery's use, only the charged state's internal resistance is of practical significance. In the later period of the battery's help, due to the exhaustion of the electrolyte and the reduction of the activity of internal chemical substances, the battery's internal resistance will increase to varying degrees.

静的内部抵抗は放電中のバッテリーの内部抵抗であり、動的内部抵抗は充電中のバッテリーの内部抵抗です。

The IEC stipulates that the standard overcharge test for nickel-metal hydride batteries is: Discharge the battery at 0.2C to 1.0V/piece, and charge it continuously at 0.1C for 48 hours. The battery should have no deformation or leakage. After overcharge, the discharge time from 0.2C to 1.0V should be more than 5 hours.

IEC stipulates that the standard cycle life test of nickel-metal hydride batteries is: After the battery is placed at 0.2C to 1.0V/pc 01) Charge at 0.1C for 16 hours, then discharge at 0.2C for 2 hours and 30 minutes (one cycle) 02) Charge at 0.25C for 3 hours and 10 minutes, and discharge at 0.25C for 2 hours and 20 minutes (2-48 cycles) 03) Charge at 0.25C for 3 hours and 10 minutes, and release to 1.0V at 0.25C (49th cycle) 04) Charge at 0.1C for 16 hours, put it aside for 1 hour, discharge at 0.2C to 1.0V (50th cycle). For nickel-metal hydride batteries, after repeating 400 cycles of 1-4, the 0.2C discharge time should be more significant than 3 hours; for nickel-cadmium batteries, repeating a total of 500 cycles of 1-4, the 0.2C discharge time should be more critical than 3 hours.

Refers to the internal air pressure of the battery, which is caused by the gas generated during the charging and discharging of the sealed battery and is mainly affected by battery materials, manufacturing processes, and battery structure. The main reason for this is that the gas generated by the decomposition of moisture and organic solution inside the battery accumulates. Generally, the internal pressure of the battery is maintained at an average level. In the case of overcharge or over-discharge, the internal pressure of the battery may increase: For example, overcharge, positive electrode: 4OH--4e → 2H2O + O2↑; ① The generated oxygen reacts with the hydrogen precipitated on the negative electrode to produce water 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O ② If the speed of reaction ② is lower than that of reaction ①, the oxygen generated will not be consumed in time, which will cause the internal pressure of the battery to rise.

IEC stipulates that the standard charge retention test for nickel-metal hydride batteries is: After putting the battery at 0.2C to 1.0V, charge it at 0.1C for 16 hours, store it at 20℃±5℃ and humidity of 65%±20%, keep it for 28 days, then discharge it to 1.0V at 0.2C, and Ni-MH batteries should be more than 3 hours. The national standard stipulates that the standard charge retention test for lithium batteries is: (IEC has no relevant standards) the battery is placed at 0.2C to 3.0/piece, and then charged to 4.2V at a constant current and voltage of 1C, with a cut-off wind of 10mA and a temperature of 20 After storing for 28 days at ℃±5℃, discharge it to 2.75V at 0.2C and calculate the discharge capacity. Compared with the battery's nominal capacity, it should be no less than 85% of the initial total.

内部抵抗が100mΩ以下のワイヤーを使用して、完全に充電されたバッテリーの正極と負極を防爆ボックスに接続し、正極と負極を短絡させます。 バッテリーが爆発したり、発火したりしてはいけません。

The high temperature and humidity test of Ni-MH battery are: After the battery is fully charged, store it under constant temperature and humidity conditions for several days, and observe no leakage during storage. The high temperature and high humidity test of lithium battery is: (national standard) Charge the battery with 1C constant current and constant voltage to 4.2V, cut-off current of 10mA, and then put it in a continuous temperature and humidity box at (40±2)℃ and relative humidity of 90%-95% for 48h, then take out the battery in (20 Leave it at ±5)℃ for two h. Observe that the appearance of the battery should be standard. Then discharge to 2.75V at a constant current of 1C, and then perform 1C charging and 1C discharge cycles at (20±5)℃ until the discharge capacity Not less than 85% of the initial total, but the number of cycles is not more than three times.

バッテリーが完全に充電されたら、オーブンに入れて室温から 5°C/分の速度で加熱します。バッテリーが完全に充電した後、オーブンに入れて室温から 5°C/分の速度で加熱します。 130℃/分オーブンの温度が30℃になったら130分ほど放置します。バッテリーが爆発したり発火したりしないでください。オーブンの温度が30℃になったらXNUMX分ほど放置します。バッテリーが爆発したり発火したりしないでください。

The temperature cycle experiment contains 27 cycles, and each process consists of the following steps: 01) The battery is changed from average temperature to 66±3℃, placed for 1 hour under the condition of 15±5%, 02) Switch to a temperature of 33±3°C and humidity of 90±5°C for 1 hour, 03) The condition is changed to -40±3℃ and placed for 1 hour 04) Put the battery at 25℃ for 0.5 hours These four steps complete a cycle. After 27 cycles of experiments, the battery should have no leakage, alkali climbing, rust, or other abnormal conditions.

バッテリーまたはバッテリーパックが完全に充電された後、1mの高さからコンクリート（またはセメント）の地面にXNUMX回落下させて、ランダムな方向に衝撃を与えます。

The vibration test method of Ni-MH battery is: After discharging the battery to 1.0V at 0.2C, charge it at 0.1C for 16 hours, and then vibrate under the following conditions after being left for 24 hours: Amplitude: 0.8mm Make the battery vibrate between 10HZ-55HZ, increasing or decreasing at a vibration rate of 1HZ every minute. The battery voltage change should be within ±0.02V, and the internal resistance change should be within ±5mΩ. (Vibration time is 90min) The lithium battery vibration test method is: After the battery is discharged to 3.0V at 0.2C, it is charged to 4.2V with constant current and constant voltage at 1C, and the cut-off current is 10mA. After being left for 24 hours, it will vibrate under the following conditions: The vibration experiment is carried out with the vibration frequency from 10 Hz to 60 Hz to 10 Hz in 5 minutes, and the amplitude is 0.06 inches. The battery vibrates in three-axis directions, and each axis shakes for half an hour. The battery voltage change should be within ±0.02V, and the internal resistance change should be within ±5mΩ.

バッテリーが完全に充電されたら、ハードロッドを水平に置き、ハードロッドの特定の高さから20ポンドの物体を落とします。 バッテリーが爆発したり、発火したりしてはいけません。

バッテリーが完全に充電されたら、特定の直径の釘を嵐の中心に通し、ピンをバッテリーに残します。 バッテリーが爆発したり、発火したりしてはいけません。

完全に充電されたバッテリーを、火災用の独自の保護カバーを備えた加熱装置に置きます。そうすれば、破片が保護カバーを通過することはありません。

ISO9001：2000品質システム認証およびISO14001：2004環境保護システム認証に合格しています。 製品は、EU CE認証および北米UL認証を取得し、SGS環境保護テストに合格し、Ovonicの特許ライセンスを取得しています。 同時に、PICCはワールドスコープの引受において同社の製品を承認しました。

すぐに使える電池は、同社が発売した高い電荷保持率を備えた新しいタイプのニッケル水素電池です。 一次電池と二次電池の二重性能を備えた耐蓄電池であり、一次電池の代わりに使用できます。 つまり、通常の二次ニッケル水素電池と同じように、リサイクルが可能で、保管後の残量が多くなります。

Compared with similar products, this product has the following remarkable features: 01) Smaller self-discharge; 02) Longer storage time; 03) Over-discharge resistance; 04) Long cycle life; 05) Especially when the battery voltage is lower than 1.0V, it has a good capacity recovery function; More importantly, this type of battery has a charge retention rate of up to 75% when stored in an environment of 25°C for one year, so this battery is the ideal product to replace disposable batteries.

01) Please read the battery manual carefully before use; 02) The electrical and battery contacts should be clean, wiped clean with a damp cloth if necessary, and installed according to the polarity mark after drying; 03) Do not mix old and new batteries, and different types of batteries of the same model can not be combined so as not to reduce the efficiency of use; 04) The disposable battery cannot be regenerated by heating or charging; 05) Do not short-circuit the battery; 06) Do not disassemble and heat the battery or throw the battery into the water; 07) When electrical appliances are not in use for a long time, it should remove the battery, and it should turn the switch off after use; 08) Do not discard waste batteries randomly, and separate them from other garbage as much as possible to avoid polluting the environment; 09) When there is no adult supervision, do not allow children to replace the battery. Small batteries should be placed out of the reach of children; 10) it should store the battery in a cool, dry place without direct sunlight.

At present, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are widely used in various portable electrical equipment (such as notebook computers, cameras, and mobile phones). Each rechargeable battery has its unique chemical properties. The main difference between nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries is that the energy density of nickel-metal hydride batteries is relatively high. Compared with batteries of the same type, the capacity of Ni-MH batteries is twice that of Ni-Cd batteries. This means that the use of nickel-metal hydride batteries can significantly extend the working time of the equipment when no additional weight is added to the electrical equipment. Another advantage of nickel-metal hydride batteries is that they significantly reduce the "memory effect" problem in cadmium batteries to use nickel-metal hydride batteries more conveniently. Ni-MH batteries are more environmentally friendly than Ni-Cd batteries because there are no toxic heavy metal elements inside. Li-ion has also quickly become a common power source for portable devices. Li-ion can provide the same energy as Ni-MH batteries but can reduce weight by about 35%, suitable for electrical equipment such as cameras and laptops. It is crucial. Li-ion has no "memory effect," The advantages of no toxic substances are also essential factors that make it a common power source. It will significantly reduce the discharge efficiency of Ni-MH batteries at low temperatures. Generally, the charging efficiency will increase with the increase of temperature. However, when the temperature rises above 45°C, the performance of rechargeable battery materials at high temperatures will degrade, and it will significantly shorten the battery's cycle life.

放電率とは、燃焼時の放電電流（A）と定格容量（A•h）の関係を指します。 時給放電とは、特定の出力電流で定格容量を放電するのに必要な時間を指します。

Since the battery in a digital camera has a low temperature, the active material activity is significantly reduced, which may not provide the camera's standard operating current, so outdoor shooting in areas with low temperature, especially. Pay attention to the warmth of the camera or battery.

充電-10〜45℃放電-30〜55℃

容量の異なる新旧の電池を混ぜたり、併用したりすると、液漏れやゼロ電圧などが発生する場合があります。これは、充電中の電力の違いにより、充電中に過充電になる電池があります。 一部のバッテリーは完全に充電されておらず、放電中に容量があります。 高バッテリーが完全に放電されておらず、低容量バッテリーが過放電されています。 このような悪循環では、バッテリーが損傷し、漏れたり、電圧が低い（ゼロ）場合があります。

バッテリーの外側の両端を導体に接続すると、外部短絡が発生します。 短期間のコースでは、電解液の温度が上昇したり、内部の空気圧が上昇したりするなど、さまざまな種類のバッテリーに深刻な影響を与える可能性があります。空気圧がバッテリーキャップの耐電圧を超えると、バッテリーがリークします。 この状況はバッテリーに深刻な損傷を与えます。 安全弁が故障すると、爆発の原因となることもあります。 したがって、バッテリーを外部から短絡させないでください。

01) Charging: When choosing a charger, it is best to use a charger with correct charging termination devices (such as anti-overcharge time devices, negative voltage difference (-V) cut-off charging, and anti-overheating induction devices) to avoid shortening the battery life due to overcharging. Generally speaking, slow charging can prolong the service life of the battery better than fast charging. 02) Discharge: a. The depth of discharge is the main factor affecting battery life. The higher the depth of release, the shorter the battery life. In other words, as long as the depth of discharge is reduced, it can significantly extend the battery's service life. Therefore, we should avoid over-discharging the battery to a very low voltage. b. When the battery is discharged at a high temperature, it will shorten its service life. c. If the designed electronic equipment cannot completely stop all current, if the equipment is left unused for a long time without taking out the battery, the residual current will sometimes cause the battery to be excessively consumed, causing the storm to over-discharge. d. When using batteries with different capacities, chemical structures, or different charge levels, as well as batteries of various old and new types, the batteries will discharge too much and even cause reverse polarity charging. 03) Storage: If the battery is stored at a high temperature for a long time, it will attenuate its electrode activity and shorten its service life.

長期間使用しない場合は、バッテリーを取り外して低温乾燥した場所に置いてください。 そうでない場合は、電気機器の電源をオフにしても、システムによってバッテリーの電流出力が低くなり、嵐の耐用年数が短くなります。

According to the IEC standard, it should store the battery at a temperature of 20℃±5℃ and humidity of (65±20)%. Generally speaking, the higher the storage temperature of the storm, the lower the remaining rate of capacity, and vice versa, the best place to store the battery when the refrigerator temperature is 0℃-10℃, especially for primary batteries. Even if the secondary battery loses its capacity after storage, it can be recovered as long as it is recharged and discharged several times. In theory, there is always energy loss when the battery is stored. The inherent electrochemical structure of the battery determines that the battery capacity is inevitably lost, mainly due to self-discharge. Usually, the self-discharge size is related to the solubility of the positive electrode material in the electrolyte and its instability (accessible to self-decompose) after being heated. The self-discharge of rechargeable batteries is much higher than that of primary batteries. If you want to store the battery for a long time, it is best to put it in a dry and low-temperature environment and keep the remaining battery power at about 40%. Of course, it is best to take out the battery once a month to ensure the excellent storage condition of the storm, but not to completely drain the battery and damage the battery.

A battery that is internationally prescribed as a standard for measuring potential (potential). It was invented by American electrical engineer E. Weston in 1892, so it is also called Weston battery. The positive electrode of the standard battery is the mercury sulfate electrode, the negative electrode is cadmium amalgam metal (containing 10% or 12.5% ​​cadmium), and the electrolyte is acidic, saturated cadmium sulfate aqueous solution, which is saturated cadmium sulfate and mercurous sulfate aqueous solution.

01) External short circuit or overcharge or reverse charge of the battery (forced over-discharge); 02) The battery is continuously overcharged by high-rate and high-current, which causes the battery core to expand, and the positive and negative electrodes are directly contacted and short-circuited; 03) The battery is short-circuited or slightly short-circuited. For example, improper placement of the positive and negative poles causes the pole piece to contact the short circuit, positive electrode contact, etc.

01) Whether a single battery has zero voltage; 02) The plug is short-circuited or disconnected, and the connection to the plug is not good; 03) Desoldering and virtual welding of lead wire and battery; 04) The internal connection of the battery is incorrect, and the connection sheet and the battery are leaked, soldered, and unsoldered, etc.; 05) The electronic components inside the battery are incorrectly connected and damaged.

To prevent the battery from being overcharged, it is necessary to control the charging endpoint. When the battery is complete, there will be some unique information that it can use to judge whether the charging has reached the endpoint. Generally, there are the following six methods to prevent the battery from being overcharged: 01) Peak voltage control: Determine the end of charging by detecting the peak voltage of the battery; 02) dT/DT control: Determine the end of charging by detecting the peak temperature change rate of the battery; 03) △T control: When the battery is fully charged, the difference between the temperature and the ambient temperature will reach the maximum; 04) -△V control: When the battery is fully charged and reaches a peak voltage, the voltage will drop by a particular value; 05) Timing control: control the endpoint of charging by setting a specific charging time, generally set the time required to charge 130% of the nominal capacity to handle;

01) Zero-voltage battery or zero-voltage battery in the battery pack; 02) The battery pack is disconnected, the internal electronic components and the protection circuit is abnormal; 03) The charging equipment is faulty, and there is no output current; 04) External factors cause the charging efficiency to be too low (such as extremely low or extremely high temperature).